Correction:Comprehensive genetic screening of early-onset dementia patients in an Austrian cohort-suggesting new disease-contributing genes (Human Genomics, (2023), 17, 1, (55), 10.1186/s40246-023-00499-z)

Following publication of the original article [1], the authors reported an error in Table 1. The correct Table 1 has been provided in this Correction. (Table presented.) Basic clinical and genetic characteristics of all 60 EOD patients ID Diagnosis AAO (years) Sex FH APOE Gene Variant Position Transcript CADD ClinVar Significance for disease EOD-1 EOD-2 c.184G &gt; A; p.R62C chr6:41129208-41129208 NM_001271821.1 25.5 n.r Risk modifier Risk modifier EOD-3 AD 45 f 2 E3/E3 EOD-4 AD 51 f 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-5 nfPPA 58 f 2 E3/E2 EOD-6 AD 56 f 3 E3/E3 EOD-7 AD/PCA 56 f 4 E3/E3 EOD-8 bvFTD 56 m 4 E3/E3 c.1427T &gt; C; p.M476T chr11:117160361-117160361 NM_012104.3 26.4 n.r Unknown c.9757A &gt; G; p.S3253G chr15:62173781-62173781 NM_020821.2 29.5 n.r Unknown EOD-9 AD 55 f 3,5 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-10 AD 58 f 3,5 E3/E3 EOD-11 AD 63 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-12 mixed dementia (AD + VD) 55 m 3,5 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-13 AD 61 m 4,5 E3/E3 EOD-14 AD/lpPPA 61 m 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier c.4300C &gt; T; p.V1434I chr15:62244179-62244179 NM_020821.2 24.8 n.r Unknown EOD-15 nfPPA 64 m 2 E3/E3 c.2218C &gt; T; p.E740K chr2:74594514-74594514 NM_004082.4 24.0 n.r Unknown EOD-16 AD 56 f 4 E3/E3 EOD-17 AD (PD) 60 m 1 E4/E3 Risk modifier g.chr16:1816528 A &gt; G; c.2817-2A &gt; G chr16:1816528-1816528 NM_015133.3 22.3 n.r Unknown EOD-18a c.2914C &gt; T; p.P972S chr19:1051537-1051537 NM_019112.3 25.3 n.r Potential risk modifier EOD-19 EOD-19 (2)b EOD-20 AD 57 m 4,5 E3/E3 c.7397T &gt; A; p.L2466H chr12:40760814-40760814 NM_198578.3 25.7 VUS Unknown EOD-21 EOD-22 EOD-23 EOD-24 EOD-25 EOD-26 AD 56 f 4 E3/E3 c.2980G &gt; C; p.P994A chr2:74590268-74590268 NM_023019.3 17.3 VUS Unknown c.2087G &gt; A; p.R696H chr16:1814180-1814180 NM_015133.3 31.0 n.r Unknown EOD-27 AD 57 f 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-28 AD 54 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-29 AD 54 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-30 AD 64 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-31 mixed dementia (AD + VD) 58 m 3,5 E3/E3 EOD-32 FTD/svPPA 61 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-33 AD 62 f 4,5 E4/E3 Risk modifier c.521G &gt; A; p.S174L chr2:74598788-74598788 NM_004082.4 24.4 VUS Unknown EOD-34 AD 59 f 2 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-35 AD 55 m 3,5 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-36c AD 64 m 2 E4/E3 c.140G &gt; A; p.R47H chr6:41129252-41129252 NM_018965.3 9.7 LB Risk modifier Risk modifier EOD-37 AD 52 f 3,5 E3/E3 c.7397T &gt; A; p.L2466H chr12:40760814-40760814 NM_198578.3 25.7 VUS Unknown EOD-38 AD 52 f 3,5 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-39 AD 63 f 3 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-40 AD 55 f 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-41 AD 58 m 3,5 E3/E3 EOD-42 AD 39 m 4 E3/E2 EOD-43 AD 63 m 4 E3/E3 c.3148A &gt; G; p.I1050V chr15:62256964-62256964 NM_020821.2 0.001 VUS Unknown EOD-44 AD/lpPPA 58 f 3,5 E3/E3 c.3014T &gt; G; p.M1005R chr11:121430331-121430331 NM_003105.5 27.9 n.r Potential risk modifier EOD-45 AD 65 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-46 CBS + AD 51 f 3,5 E3/E3 c.4606G &gt; A; p.G1536S chr11:121474988-121474988 NM_003105.5 25.2 B Risk modifier EOD-47 AD 54 f 4 E3/E3 EOD-48 bvFTD 57 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-49 FTD/nfPPA + ALS 58 m 4 E3/E3 c.986T &gt; C; p.L276P chr12:64875636-64875636 NM_013254.3 n.r Potential risk modifier c.7436T &gt; C; p.I2429T chr15:62212307-62212307 NM_020821.2 n.r Unknown EOD-50 Risk modifier EOD-51 FTD/svPPA 62 f 4 E3/E3 EOD-52 AD 57 m 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-53 c.7377G &gt; A; p.M2459I chr12:40758839-40758839 NM_198578.3 17.7 n.r Unknown EOD-54 AD 59 m 1 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-55 AD 49 m 4 E3/E3 EOD-56 AD 61 m 3,5 E3/E3 EOD-57 AD/lpPPA 57 f 4 E3/E3 EOD-58 AD + VD 64 f 3 E3/E3 c.823C &gt; T; p.R141C chr2:74598126-74598126 NM_004082.3 29.3 VUS Unknown EOD-59 bvFTD 52 m 4 E4/E3 Risk modifier EOD-60 a, EOD-18: The APP duplication of was confirmed to be 'de novo'. Both parents did not show this duplication b, EOD-19 (2) is the brother of EOD19. He was also affected by AD and carrier of the same duplication. EOD 19 (2) was not included in the analyses of AAO and FH c, EOD-36: ClinVar assessment of TREM2 p.R47H of LB (likely benign) refers to Nasu-Hakola disease. However, p.R47H is an established risk variant for dementia (Ref. 15) The original article [1] has been corrected.</p

The Parkinson's disease VPS35[D620N] mutation enhances LRRK2 mediated Rab protein phosphorylation in mouse and human

Missense mutations in the LRRK2 and VPS35 genes result in autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease. The VPS35 gene encodes for the cargo-binding component of the retromer complex, while LRRK2 modulates vesicular trafficking by phosphorylating a subgroup of Rab proteins. Pathogenic mutations in LRRK2 increase its kinase activity. It is not known how the only thus far described pathogenic VPS35 mutation, [D620N] exerts its effects. We reveal that the VPS35[D620N] knock-in mutation, strikingly elevates LRRK2 mediated phosphorylation of Rab8A, Rab10 and Rab12 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The VPS35[D620N] mutation also increases Rab10 phosphorylation in mouse tissues (lung, kidney, spleen and brain). Furthermore, LRRK2 mediated Rab10 phosphorylation is increased in neutrophils as well as monocytes isolated from three Parkinson’s patients with a heterozygous VPS35[D620N] mutation compared to healthy donors and idiopathic Parkinson’s patients. LRRK2 mediated Rab10 phosphorylation is significantly suppressed by knock-out or knock-down of VPS35 in wild type, LRRK2[R1441C] or VPS35[D620N] cells. Finally, VPS35[D620N] mutation promotes Rab10 phosphorylation more potently than LRRK2 pathogenic mutations. Available data suggest that Parkinson’s patients with VPS35[D620N] develop the disease at a younger age than those with LRRK2 mutations. Our observations indicate that VPS35 controls LRRK2 activity and that the VPS35[D620N] mutation results in a gain of function, potentially causing Parkinson’s disease through hyperactivation of the LRRK2 kinase. Our findings suggest that it may be possible to elaborate compounds that target the retromer complex to suppress LRRK2 activity. Moreover, patients with VPS35[D620N] associated Parkinson’s might benefit from LRRK2 inhibitor treatment that have entered clinical trials in humans

Rare variants in LRRK1 and Parkinson's disease

Approximately 20 % of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) report a positive family history. Yet, a large portion of causal and disease-modifying variants is still unknown. We used exome sequencing in two affected individuals from a family with late-onset PD to identify 15 potentially causal variants. Segregation analysis and frequency assessment in 862 PD cases and 1,014 ethnically matched controls highlighted variants in EEF1D and LRRK1 as the best candidates. Mutation screening of the coding regions of these genes in 862 cases and 1,014 controls revealed several novel non-synonymous variants in both genes in cases and controls. An in silico multi-model bioinformatics analysis was used to prioritize identified variants in LRRK1 for functional follow- up. However, protein expression, subcellular localization, and cell viability were not affected by the identified variants. Although it has yet to be proven conclusively that variants in LRRK1 are indeed causative of PD, our data strengthen a possible role for LRRK1 in addition to LRRK2 in the genetic underpinnings of PD but, at the same time, highlight the difficulties encountered in the study of rare variants identified by next-generation sequencing in diseases with autosomal dominant or complex patterns of inheritance

Elevated urine BMP phospholipids in LRRK2 and VPS35 mutation carriers with and without Parkinson's disease

Participant demographic and clinical characteristics, and urine BMP phospholipid levels. For each participant, sample collection site is provided as: BCN (Barcelona), VIE (Vienna), DND (Dundee), or SSB (San Sebastian). Also provided are age at study participation, age at PD diagnosis (where applicable), sex (M, for male, and F, for female), experimental group (control, iPD –idiopathic PD –, LRRK2 G2019S, LRRK2 R1441G/C, VPS35 D620N, GBA, or other), and PD status (NMC for non-manifesting mutation carriers, or PD). Values for all measured BMP species presented as ng of BMP per mg of creatinine are provided. Additionally, urine creatinine (mg/ml) and non-normalized BMP levels are provided. BQL designates BMP levels that were below quantification level and NM designates values that were not measured for a particular individual

On the relationship of first-episode psychosis to the amphetamine-sensitized state: a dopamine D2/3 receptor agonist radioligand study.

Schizophrenia is characterized by increased behavioral and neurochemical responses to dopamine-releasing drugs. This prompted the hypothesis of psychosis as a state of "endogenous" sensitization of the dopamine system although the exact basis of dopaminergic disturbances and the possible role of prefrontal cortical regulation have remained uncertain. To show that patients with first-episode psychosis release more dopamine upon amphetamine-stimulation than healthy volunteers, and to reveal for the first time that prospective sensitization induced by repeated amphetamine exposure increases dopamine-release in stimulant-naïve healthy volunteers to levels observed in patients, we collected data on amphetamine-induced dopamine release using the dopamine D2/3 receptor agonist radioligand [11C]-(+)-PHNO and positron emission tomography. Healthy volunteers (n = 28, 14 female) underwent a baseline and then a post-amphetamine scan before and after a mildly sensitizing regimen of repeated oral amphetamine. Unmedicated patients with first-episode psychosis (n = 21; 6 female) underwent a single pair of baseline and then post-amphetamine scans. Furthermore, T1 weighted magnetic resonance imaging of the prefrontal cortex was performed. Patients with first-episode psychosis showed larger release of dopamine compared to healthy volunteers. After sensitization of healthy volunteers their dopamine release was significantly amplified and no longer different from that seen in patients. Healthy volunteers showed a negative correlation between prefrontal cortical volume and dopamine release. There was no such relationship after sensitization or in patients. Our data in patients with untreated first-episode psychosis confirm the "endogenous sensitization" hypothesis and support the notion of impaired prefrontal control of the dopamine system in schizophrenia

Functional Variant in Complement C3 Gene Promoter and Genetic Susceptibility to Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and Febrile Seizures

BACKGROUND: Human mesial temporal lobe epilepsies (MTLE) represent the most frequent form of partial epilepsies and are frequently preceded by febrile seizures (FS) in infancy and early childhood. Genetic associations of several complement genes including its central component C3 with disorders of the central nervous system, and the existence of C3 dysregulation in the epilepsies and in the MTLE particularly, make it the C3 gene a good candidate for human MTLE. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A case-control association study of the C3 gene was performed in a first series of 122 patients with MTLE and 196 controls. Four haplotypes (HAP1 to 4) comprising GF100472, a newly discovered dinucleotide repeat polymorphism [(CA)8 to (CA)15] in the C3 promoter region showed significant association after Bonferroni correction, in the subgroup of MTLE patients having a personal history of FS (MTLE-FS+). Replication analysis in independent patients and controls confirmed that the rare HAP4 haplotype comprising the minimal length allele of GF100472 [(CA)8], protected against MTLE-FS+. A fifth haplotype (HAP5) with medium-size (CA)11 allele of GF100472 displayed four times higher frequency in controls than in the first cohort of MTLE-FS+ and showed a protective effect against FS through a high statistical significance in an independent population of 97 pure FS. Consistently, (CA)11 allele by its own protected against pure FS in a second group of 148 FS patients. Reporter gene assays showed that GF100472 significantly influenced C3 promoter activity (the higher the number of repeats, the lower the transcriptional activity). Taken together, the consistent genetic data and the functional analysis presented here indicate that a newly-identified and functional polymorphism in the promoter of the complement C3 gene might participate in the genetic susceptibility to human MTLE with a history of FS, and to pure FS. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The present study provides important data suggesting for the first time the involvement of the complement system in the genetic susceptibility to epileptic seizures and to epilepsy

Genome-wide significant association with seven novel multiple sclerosis risk loci

Objective: A recent large-scale study in multiple sclerosis (MS) using the ImmunoChip platform reported on 11 loci that showed suggestive genetic association with MS. Additional data in sufficiently sized and independent data sets are needed to assess whether these loci represent genuine MS risk factors. Methods: The lead SNPs of all 11 loci were genotyped in 10 796 MS cases and 10 793 controls from Germany, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Austria and Russia, that were independent from the previously reported cohorts. Association analyses were performed using logistic regression based on an additive model. Summary effect size estimates were calculated using fixed-effect meta-analysis. Results: Seven of the 11 tested SNPs showed significant association with MS susceptibility in the 21 589 individuals analysed here. Meta-analysis across our and previously published MS case-control data (total sample size n=101 683) revealed novel genome-wide significant association with MS susceptibility (p<5×10−8) for all seven variants. This included SNPs in or near LOC100506457 (rs1534422, p=4.03×10−12), CD28 (rs6435203, p=1.35×10−9), LPP (rs4686953, p=3.35×10−8), ETS1 (rs3809006, p=7.74×10−9), DLEU1 (rs806349, p=8.14×10−12), LPIN3 (rs6072343, p=7.16×10−12) and IFNGR2 (rs9808753, p=4.40×10−10). Cis expression quantitative locus effects were observed in silico for rs6435203 on CD28 and for rs9808753 on several immunologically relevant genes in the IFNGR2 locus. Conclusions: This study adds seven loci to the list of genuine MS genetic risk factors and further extends the list of established loci shared across autoimmune diseases

Genome-wide significant association with seven novel multiple sclerosis risk loci

Objective: A recent large-scale study in multiple sclerosis (MS) using the ImmunoChip platform reported on 11 loci that showed suggestive genetic association with MS. Additional data in sufficiently sized and independent data sets are needed to assess whether these loci represent genuine MS risk factors. Methods: The lead SNPs of all 11 loci were genotyped in 10 796 MS cases and 10 793 controls from Germany, Spain, France, the Netherlands, Austria and Russia, that were independent from the previously reported cohorts. Association analyses were performed using logistic regression based on an additive model. Summary effect size estimates were calculated using fixed-effect meta-analysis. Results: Seven of the 11 tested SNPs showed significant association with MS susceptibility in the 21 589 individuals analysed here. Meta-analysis across our and previously published MS case-control data (total sample size n=101 683) revealed novel genome-wide significant association with MS susceptibility (p<5×10−8) for all seven variants. This included SNPs in or near LOC100506457 (rs1534422, p=4.03×10−12), CD28 (rs6435203, p=1.35×10−9), LPP (rs4686953, p=3.35×10−8), ETS1 (rs3809006, p=7.74×10−9), DLEU1 (rs806349, p=8.14×10−12), LPIN3 (rs6072343, p=7.16×10−12) and IFNGR2 (rs9808753, p=4.40×10−10). Cis expression quantitative locus effects were observed in silico for rs6435203 on CD28 and for rs9808753 on several immunologically relevant genes in the IFNGR2 locus. Conclusions: This study adds seven loci to the list of genuine MS genetic risk factors and further extends the list of established loci shared across autoimmune diseases